Wednesday, 3 December 2014
Sunday, 14 September 2014
Saturday, 16 August 2014
Top Reasons Why Employees Don’t Do What They Are Supposed to Do—as reported by 25,000 managers
Why don’t employees do what they are supposed to do? Former Columbia Graduate School professor and consultant Ferdinand Fournies knows. Over the course of two decades, Fournies interviewed nearly 25,000 managers asking them why, in their experience, direct reports did not accomplish their work as assigned.
Here are the top reasons Fournies heard most often and which he described in his book, Why Employees Don’t Do What They’re Supposed To and What You Can Do About It. As you review the list, consider what you believe might be some of the root causes and solutions for each road block.
In Fournies’ experience, the root cause and solution in each case rests with the individual manager and employee. Fournies believes that managers can minimize the negative impact of each of these potential roadblocks by:
- Getting agreement that a problem exists
- Mutually discussing alternative solutions
- Mutually agreeing on action to be taken to solve the problem
- Following-up to ensure that agreed-upon action has been taken
- Reinforcing any achievement
Are your people doing what they are supposed to be doing?
What’s the level of purpose, alignment, and performance in your organization? Do people have a clear sense of where the organization is going and where their work fits in? Are they committed and passionate about the work? Are they performing at a high level? Take a look at the conversations and relationships happening at the manager-direct report level. If performance is not where it should be, chances are that one of these roadblocks in getting in the way.
PS: You can learn more about Ferdinand Fournies and his two books, Why Employees Don’t Do What They’re Supposed To and What You Can Do About It, and Coaching for Improved Work Performance here at Amazon. Both books are highly recommended for your business bookshelf.
source: http://leaderchat.org/2012/07/09/top-reasons-why-employees-dont-do-what-they-are-supposed-to-do-as-reported-by-25000-managers/
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Friday, 15 August 2014
Thursday, 14 August 2014
Tuesday, 12 August 2014
Sunday, 10 August 2014
Saturday, 9 August 2014
ALARP
So what is ALARP?
The ALARP principle
No industrial activity is entirely free from risk and so many companies and regulators around the world require that safety risks are reduced to levels that are As Low As Reasonably Practicable, or "ALARP".
The "ALARP region" lies between unacceptably high and negligible risk levels. Even if a level of risk for a "baseline case" has been judged to be in this ALARP region it is still necessary to consider introducing further risk reduction measures to drive the remaining, or "residual", risk downwards.
The ALARP level is reached when the time, trouble and cost of further reduction measures become unreasonably disproportionate to the additional risk reduction obtained.
ALARP for life
Risk can be reduced by avoidance, adopting an alternative approach, or increasing the number and effectiveness of controls.
At the concept stage of a new project there is the greatest opportunity to achieve the lowest residual risk by considering alternative options, e.g. for an offshore oilfield development, options may range from fixed legged platforms to floating production vessels to subsea facilities.
Once the concept is selected and the early design progresses, the attention shifts to considering alternative layout and system options to optimise inherent safety. In the detailed design phase, the focus moves on to examining alternative options for improving safety systems.
During operations, the attention is on collecting feedback, improving procedures and managing change to maintain the residual risk at an ALARP level. However, with advances in technology, what is ALARP today may not be ALARP tomorrow, so periodic reviews will be necessary.
Conclusion
The key to a convincing ALARP assessment lies in the documented consideration of improvement options, both implemented and discounted, at a level of resolution appropriate to the project phase. ALARP decision making amounts to taking a balanced view and reaching a defensible consensus.
This article first appeared in RISKworld Issue 4.
ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ
ALARP Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎ ΠΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΈ
Π² 1974Π³. ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ
ALARP ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ², Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ALARP ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½. ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ/ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ALARP ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ (EN 50126) ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ (CEI 61508)Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ . Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ .
ΠΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ: ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π±ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ALARP. ΠΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ
ALARP Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎ ΠΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΈ
Π² 1974Π³. ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ
ALARP ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ², Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ.ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ALARP ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½. ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ/ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ALARP ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ (EN 50126) ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ (CEI 61508)Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ . Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ .
ΠΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ: ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π±ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ALARP. ΠΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ.
Four incident analysis methods to choose from
It is a given that in many organizations more than one method is adopted to do incident analysis. If these organizations wish to learn from all incidents, the outcome of these methods needs to be consolidated.
Providing the right method to untangle a complicated incident is crucial if you are to uncover what lessons should truly be learned on both organizational and operational level. Four of the most populair barrier based incident analysis methods were selected for BowTieXP:
We observed first three below.
BSCAT
Next generation incident analysis tool
BSCAT is a next generation incident analysis tool that uses barrier thinking to clarify and structure your incident analysis. The BSCAT method can utilize pre-existing BowTies or be used on its own. It is the first method to complete the circle and link risk assessments with incident analysis. BSCAT is built on top of the BowTieXP platform.
Recent insights reveal that improved safety management performance can be obtained if a more focused approach on barrier performance is followed. Advanced Barrier Management is a relatively new concept that addresses the effectiveness of specific barriers that aims to prevent undesired top events from happening and/or that aims to limit the extend of the undesired consequences.
The Bowtie-concept provides a clear visual presentation of several high risk scenarios and how these scenarios can be managed. When applying the bowtie-approach one is triggered to think of available and/or potential barriers that keep control of the hazard scenarios and their effectiveness. Bowtie-based risk analysis is part of mature risk based safety management framework and should be applied by all organizations that aim to have a better understanding and control of their key risks. Allocation of accountabilities and document links can be part of the bowtie-thinking when the software program BowtieXP is applied.
From SCAT to BSCAT
BSCAT links the bowtie-concept to DNV’s classical concept for incident investigation (SCAT), which is already used by many organizations. The Systematic Cause Analysis Technique provides a framework with predefined categories of direct and basic causes that have proven to be important contributions for incidents in a variety of market sectors. By applying this SCAT technique on barrier performance, one can assess the performance of barriers during an incident investigation and come up with specific improvement actions that address the basic causes of failure. The BSCAT-concept supports in particular (complex) incident investigations that are characterized by a variety of events that went wrong. BSCAT is now supported by a software tool – branded as DNV BSCAT – that allows for smart generation of incident diagrams. DNV BSCAT operates under the proven BowtieXP platform.
Tripod Beta Method
The tripod method is a way of conducting incident analysis. It is mostly used for high risk, complex incidents, since it is a very extensive and detailed method. Training is highly recommended when using the tripod method.
A Tripod Beta tree is built in three steps. The first step is to ask the question: ‘what happened?’. All the events that happened in the incident are listed as a chain of events. The next step is to identify the barriers that failed to stop this chain of events. The question that is asked in this step is: ‘How did it happen?’. When all the events and the failed barriers in between are identified, the reason for failure of these barriers is analyzed. The last question for this step is: ‘Why did it happen?’. For each of the failed barriers a causation path is identified.
All the items that appear in the Tripod Beta method are explained in more detail below.
1. What happened?
First it needs to be identified what happened during the incident; what events occurred. This is the core of the tripod diagram and is represented with three shapes, the head ‘trio’. These three elements are:
- Event
- Hazard
- Object
The trio can be explained as an AND gate, both the Hazard and the Object need to be present for the Event to occur. The Hazard acts on the Object to change its state or condition that is described as the Event. In a tripod tree there can be multiple trios. Hazards and Objects can form new Events.
Event
In the tripod theory an Event is a happening, a ‘change of state’, whereby an object is affected by a Hazard. All events may cause potential injury, damage or loss. Examples of events are:
- Cut in a finger
- Car collision
- A failed money investment
Hazard
A Hazard is an entity with the potential to change, harm or damage an object upon which it is acting. Hazards can be a physical energy source or can have a more abstract nature. Examples of a Hazard are:
- Working on height
- Explosive material
- Economic crisis
Object
The Object is the item that is changed by the Hazard. The Object can be someone or something that is harmed, changed or damaged. Examples of Objects are:
- Employee
- IT system
- Environment
2. How did it happen?
Barriers
The second step in the tripod analysis is to analyze how the incident could have happened by identifying the failed barriers. The barriers can be placed between the Hazard and the Event and between the Object and the Event. To identify these two types of barriers two questions are asked:
- What Barriers should have prevented the exposure to the Hazard?
- What Barriers should have protected the Object from the Hazard?
A Barrier is something that should prevented the meeting of an Object and a Hazard. It protects people, assets, environment from the negative consequences of a Hazard. Barriers can have their effect on the Hazard (e.g. insulation) or the Object (e.g. PPE). In a Tripod analysis a Barrier can be qualified as failed, missing or effective.
3. Why did it happen?
The last step is to identify why the incident happened; what caused the Barriers to fail. To analyze this we follow a certain pathway, called the ‘Causation Path’. The causation path consists of three items:
Active Failure
- Precondition
- Latent Failure
Active Failure
The Active Failure explains the human act that directly caused the Barrier to break. The Tripod method is based on the Human Error theory. This theory states that incidents happen when people make errors and fail to keep the barriers functional or in place. These errors are Active Failures. Examples of Active Failure are:
- Neglecting to wear PPE
- Wrong design decision
- Inappropriate use of tools
Precondition
The Precondition is the environmental, situational or psychological ‘state’ in which the Active Failure takes place. It explains the context of the human error and it provides the control breaching capacity of the Active Failure. This can be related to supervision, training, instructions, procedures, etc. Examples of Preconditions are:
- Bad sight
- Budget squeeze
- Poor ergonomics of tools
Latent Failure
Latent Failures are the organizational or systemic deficiencies that create Preconditions. The Latent Failure acts on a system level, it always involves the organization. A Latent Failure is not incidental, but is present for a longer time; it is an underlying failure. Examples of Latent Failures are:
- Inadequate training
- Failure to identify hazards
- Imbalanced budgets
Root cause analysis in IncidentXP
IncidentXP already allows users to choose between multiple barrier-based incident analysis techniques. However, we continued to get a lot of requests for one particular method: traditional Root Cause Analysis (RCA). This method is the fourth we're adding to IncidentXP and joins BSCAT, Tripod Beta and Barrier Failure Analysis.
What is RCA?
Root Cause Analysis is a simple and straightforward incident analysis technique. It starts with an incident and drills down into the chain of events that led to that incident until the root causes are identified. This method is widely used throughout the world, and the idea of drilling down to the root cause is also present in all of our other incident analysis methods.
Solving RCA problems
However, a traditional root cause analysis has the potential to turn into a jumble of elements. We felt this could be improved, so we did two things. First, we added some more subtle categorisations so you can see at a glance where the real problem areas are. You don't need to use them, but if you do, we think you will create better analyses, and it will be easier for your audience to see what you're trying to communicate. Second, you can cut up a large diagram into smaller pieces, and link them together. Separating the main diagram from sub-diagrams avoids a situation where the diagram becomes so large you lose overview. We hope these changes to RCA will help you create better analyses.
Features
RCA will include all the features you expect like reports, case file overviews, import/export options, easy manipulation of the diagram, scrap book support, find and replace, spell checking, undo/redo, auto-save, and many others
Barriers vs RCA
The main difference between RCA and our other incident analysis methods, is that RCA is not barrier based. Everything in RCA is an event, including those things that would be considered barriers in BSCAT, Tripod or BFA. This doesn't matter if you just want to use RCA, but there is one important caveat. Whereas the barrier based incident analysis methods like BSCAT and Tripod can be mapped back onto the bowtie because their structure is similar, RCA cannot be linked back to a bowtie, because the bowtie structure depends heavily on identifying barriers, which RCA does not do. We will examine other possibilities in the future, like classifying events. But we will base that development on real world feedback.
Root Cause Analysis (RCA) using Ishikawa/Fishbone Diagrams
How to Determine Root Cause Using a Fishbone Diagram
The fishbone diagram is a tool you can use to determine the root cause of a problem or event. The fishbone diagram is also known as the Ishikawa diagram or cause and effect diagram and gets its name because its shape resembles a fishbone. The fishbone diagram was developed as a quality management tool for categorizing and brainstorming the possible causes of a problem in an organized manner.
How to Draw a Fishbone Diagram Fishbone Analysis Step-by-Step
Instructions
1
In order to have an effective brainstorming session to consider all of the variables and possible causes, you will need to assemble a team of people from different functional groups, with varied specialties and experience.
Having a diverse group of people means gaining insight from different viewpoints and opinions. Approaching the problem from different angles could lead to answers that you may not have thought of on your own, and ultimately reveal the root cause of the issue.
2
Draw the basic structure of the fishbone diagram.
Write down the problem or effect that you are trying to understand (the head). Draw a main line from this problem with several branches to represent categories (the bones). From each of these category branches, draw horizontal lines to represent causes. You can also find ready-made templates online for easy use.
3
Determine which categories are most appropriate for your situation to be used as the branches of the fishbone diagram. Some commonly used categories are:
The 6 M's (in the manufacturing industry)
Machine, Method, Materials, Measurements, Man and Mother Nature
The 8 P's (in the services or administrative industries)
Price, Promotion, People, Processes, Place, Policies, Procedures, and Product
The 4 S's (in the service industry)
Surroundings, Suppliers, Systems, Skills
4
Once you have the categories labeled on the branches, start to fill in any possible causes on the horizontal lines coming from each branch. Fill in anything that could possibly have an influence on the issue. This is not the time to decide if an idea is good or not, just brainstorm to collect any possible causes.
5
Evaluate each of the causes on each branch of the fishbone diagram individually and in more depth to determine what variables affect it. You want to determine what the impact is of changing those variables and if the change could lead to the effect or problem you are investigating.
6
Do this for each cause, eliminating those that would not have any possible impact on the problem or lead to the identified effect.
7
Now you should be able to narrow the causes down to one or at most a few likely candidates. Focus your investigative efforts on those possibilities until the true root cause of the issue is determined.
Read more : http://www.ehow.com/how_5102677_determine-cause-using-fishbone-diagram.html
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° (ΠΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Π°)
Π‘Π»ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ.
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ – Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π΅, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ).
ΠΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ «ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ «ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ». Π‘Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°.
ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°).
ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ, Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄. Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅.
ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ «ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π» (ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ). ΠΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²: ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» (material), ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (machine), ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (measurement), ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ (method), Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ (man), ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ (management). ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ-Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Ρ «Π», ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°. Π Π°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ - Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ: ΠΎΡ «ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ» ΠΊ «ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ» ΠΈ ΠΎΡ «ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
» ΠΊ «Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ». Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π³ – ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ°. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°: ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ-ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ-ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ-ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ°Ρ
-ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅.
ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ «ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅», ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ.
ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°.
Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΉ «ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ» ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ Π±Π°Π»Π»Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ, Π½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ – ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Ρ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ°Ρ
– ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
, Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ 6.3 ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ· Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ°Ρ
-ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ: ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° (5 Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²), ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (4 Π±Π°Π»Π»Π°) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ (3 Π±Π°Π»Π»Π°).
ΠΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ: Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ 6.3.
ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ.
ΠΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ – ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ.
Π‘Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ "ΠΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ" | |
ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°: "ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°" ("ΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅Ρ")
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°: Π. ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Π° (Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ), 1952 Π³.
ΠΠ°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ - ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ.
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π‘ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° - ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ.
ΠΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ.
ΠΠ»Π°Π½ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ
Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ (ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎ ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Π΅), ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ (ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅), Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅-ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ:
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ("ΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅Ρ")
ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ:
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ:
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
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Thursday, 7 August 2014
Completed the course Environmental Health Training in Emergency Response (20.0 CE Credits) by National Environmental Health Association
Get my certificate!
Tuesday, 5 August 2014
My Open2Study certificates 5 august!
https://learn.open2study.com/mod/certificate/view.php?id=40279&action=get
Monday, 4 August 2014
Thursday, 31 July 2014
Emergency Management
Hi! I've studied for this course Emergency Managment at Open2Study (Australia). I advice everyone enroll to this course, you'll get great knowledges of Emergency Managment.
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