Sunday, 24 August 2014


Hello
I passed the course "Ecology Ethics" at INTUIT




Saturday, 16 August 2014


Top Reasons Why Employees Don’t Do What They Are Supposed to Do—as reported by 25,000 managers


Here are the top reasons Fournies heard most often and which he described in his book, Why Employees Don’t Do What They’re Supposed To and What You Can Do About It.  As you review the list, consider what you believe might be some of the root causes and solutions for each road block.
In Fournies’ experience, the root cause and solution in each case rests with the individual manager and employee.  Fournies believes that managers can minimize the negative impact of each of these potential roadblocks by:
  1. Getting agreement that a problem exists
  2. Mutually discussing alternative solutions
  3. Mutually agreeing on action to be taken to solve the problem
  4. Following-up to ensure that agreed-upon action has been taken
  5. Reinforcing any achievement
Are your people doing what they are supposed to be doing?
What’s the level of purpose, alignment, and performance in your organization?  Do people have a clear sense of where the organization is going and where their work fits in?  Are they committed and passionate about the work?  Are they performing at a high level?  Take a look at the conversations and relationships happening at the manager-direct report level.  If performance is not where it should be, chances are that one of these roadblocks in getting in the way.
PS: You can learn more about Ferdinand Fournies and his two books, Why Employees Don’t Do What They’re Supposed To and What You Can Do About Itand Coaching for Improved Work Performance here at Amazon.  Both books are highly recommended for your business bookshelf.
source: http://leaderchat.org/2012/07/09/top-reasons-why-employees-dont-do-what-they-are-supposed-to-do-as-reported-by-25000-managers/


Oil and Gas Well Drilling and Servicing eTool >> Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Process



JSA

Today, many companies within the oil and gas industry use the Job Safety Analysis Process (also referred to as a JSA, Job Hazard Analysis, or JHA). The JSA is a very effective means of helping reduce incidents, accidents, and injuries in the workplace. It is an excellent tool to use during new employee orientations and training and can also be used to investigate "near misses" and accidents.

To start the JSA Process, select the job or task to be performed. Any job that has hazards or potential hazards is a candidate for a JSA. An uncommon or seldom-performed job is also a candidate for a JSA.

Forms or worksheets (
see sample worksheet) may vary from company to company but the idea remains the same. Identify all steps, hazards, and safe work procedures before starting the job.

The JSA Process is a multi-step process:
  • Basic Job Steps:

    Break the job into a sequence of steps. Each of the steps should accompany some major task. That task will consist of a series of movements. Look at each series of movements within that basic task.
  • Potential Hazards:

    To complete a JSA effectively, you must identify the hazards or potential hazards associated with each step. Every possible source of energy must be identified. It is very important to look at the entire environment to determine every conceivable hazard that might exist.
    Hazards contribute to accidents and injuries.
  • Recommended Safe Job Procedures:

    Using the Sequence of Basic Job Steps and Potential Hazards, decide what actions are necessary to eliminate, control, or minimize hazards that could lead to accidents, injuries, damage to the environment, or possible occupational illness. Each safe job procedure or action must correspond to the job steps and identified hazards.
Everyone involved in implementing a job or task should be present when the JSA is written! The JSA should be reviewed, approved, and signed by the supervisor before the task is started. Understanding every job step is very important! Whenever a job step changes or a new step is introduced, the JSA must be reviewed and updated.

Remember, the key reasons for completing a JSA are to encourage teamwork (especially with new employees), to involve everyone performing the job in the process, and to elevate awareness!

source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/job_safety_analysis_process.html



Saturday, 9 August 2014

Как Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ ИcΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ (Π˜ΡˆΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹)

ALARP

So what is ALARP?

The ALARP principle
No industrial activity is entirely free from risk and so many companies and regulators around the world require that safety risks are reduced to levels that are As Low As Reasonably Practicable, or "ALARP".
The "ALARP region" lies between unacceptably high and negligible risk levels. Even if a level of risk for a "baseline case" has been judged to be in this ALARP region it is still necessary to consider introducing further risk reduction measures to drive the remaining, or "residual", risk downwards.
Diagram Alarp region
The ALARP level is reached when the time, trouble and cost of further reduction measures become unreasonably disproportionate to the additional risk reduction obtained.
ALARP for life
Risk can be reduced by avoidance, adopting an alternative approach, or increasing the number and effectiveness of controls.
At the concept stage of a new project there is the greatest opportunity to achieve the lowest residual risk by considering alternative options, e.g. for an offshore oilfield development, options may range from fixed legged platforms to floating production vessels to subsea facilities.
Once the concept is selected and the early design progresses, the attention shifts to considering alternative layout and system options to optimise inherent safety. In the detailed design phase, the focus moves on to examining alternative options for improving safety systems.
During operations, the attention is on collecting feedback, improving procedures and managing change to maintain the residual risk at an ALARP level. However, with advances in technology, what is ALARP today may not be ALARP tomorrow, so periodic reviews will be necessary.
Box1 Alarp Tools
Conclusion
The key to a convincing ALARP assessment lies in the documented consideration of improvement options, both implemented and discounted, at a level of resolution appropriate to the project phase. ALARP decision making amounts to taking a balanced view and reaching a defensible consensus.
This article first appeared in RISKworld Issue 4.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏ ALARP Π² Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ

Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π² Англии Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎ Π—Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ БСзопаснсоти Π² 1974Π³. ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏ  ALARP основываСтся Π½Π° ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ стоимости риска ΠΈ стоимости задСйствованных срСдств, для Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ.

Π—Π΄Π΅ΡΡŒ исходят ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½ΡƒΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ риск физичСски ΠΈ финансово нСдостиТим, ΠΈ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ допустимым ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ риска. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏ ALARP состоит Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ риск  Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ свСдСн ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½. Π—Π΄Π΅ΡΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ/Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎ овладСнию рисками.

Π§Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ провСсти Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏ ALARP опираСтся Π½Π° систСму глобального Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° рисков, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π² СвропСйских(EN 50126) ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… (CEI 61508)Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ…. Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ стороны ΠΎΠ½ опираСтся Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ рисков ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ΠΌ катСгориям, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ частоты ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ риска.

Начиная с Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ уровня, риск
рассматриваСтся, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ нСдопустимый ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ….
НиТС этого уровня сущСствуСт допустимая Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ дСйствиС ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ, Ссли связанныС с Π½ΠΈΠΌ риски Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈ насколько это Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ. Допустимый Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ: ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ влияния Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° для Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ срСдств ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ бСзопасности. НСобходимо, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ большим Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ риска. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, Ссли ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ риска остаСтся высокой, расходы, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ стСпСни риска, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Ρ‹. Если риск ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ высок, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ситуации.

Π’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ риски Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅, ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ дСмонстрации ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡƒ ALARP. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ для рисков Π½Π΅ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ прСдприняты, Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… Π½Π΅ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ высокой.



The BowTie method in 5 minutes




Four incident analysis methods to choose from
It is a given that in many organizations more than one method is adopted to do incident analysis. If these organizations wish to learn from all incidents, the outcome of these methods needs to be consolidated.
Providing the right method to untangle a complicated incident is crucial if you are to uncover what lessons should truly be learned on both organizational and operational level. Four of the most populair barrier based incident analysis methods were selected for BowTieXP:
We observed first three below.

BSCAT

Next generation incident analysis tool

BSCAT is a next generation incident analysis tool that uses barrier thinking to clarify and structure your incident analysis. The BSCAT method can utilize pre-existing BowTies or be used on its own. It is the first method to complete the circle and link risk assessments with incident analysis. BSCAT is built on top of the BowTieXP platform.
Recent insights reveal that improved safety management performance can be obtained if a more focused approach on barrier performance is followed. Advanced Barrier Management is a relatively new concept that addresses the effectiveness of specific barriers that aims to prevent undesired top events from happening and/or that aims to limit the extend of the undesired consequences.
The Bowtie-concept provides a clear visual presentation of several high risk scenarios and how these scenarios can be managed. When applying the bowtie-approach one is triggered to think of available and/or potential barriers that keep control of the hazard scenarios and their effectiveness. Bowtie-based risk analysis is part of mature risk based safety management framework and should be applied by all organizations that aim to have a better understanding and control of their key risks. Allocation of accountabilities and document links can be part of the bowtie-thinking when the software program BowtieXP is applied.

BSCAT - BTXP

From SCAT to BSCAT

BSCAT links the bowtie-concept to DNV’s classical concept for incident investigation (SCAT), which is already used by many organizations. The Systematic Cause Analysis Technique provides a framework with predefined categories of direct and basic causes that have proven to be important contributions for incidents in a variety of market sectors. By applying this SCAT technique on barrier performance, one can assess the performance of barriers during an incident investigation and come up with specific improvement actions that address the basic causes of failure. The BSCAT-concept supports in particular (complex) incident investigations that are characterized by a variety of events that went wrong. BSCAT is now supported by a software tool – branded as DNV BSCAT – that allows for smart generation of incident diagrams. DNV BSCAT operates under the proven BowtieXP platform. 

Tripod Beta Method

The tripod method is a way of conducting incident analysis. It is mostly used for high risk, complex incidents, since it is a very extensive and detailed method. Training is highly recommended when using the tripod method.
A Tripod Beta tree is built in three steps. The first step is to ask the question: ‘what happened?’. All the events that happened in the incident are listed as a chain of events. The next step is to identify the barriers that failed to stop this chain of events. The question that is asked in this step is: ‘How did it happen?’. When all the events and the failed barriers in between are identified, the reason for failure of these barriers is analyzed. The last question for this step is: ‘Why did it happen?’. For each of the failed barriers a causation path is identified.
All the items that appear in the Tripod Beta method are explained in more detail below.
Tripod - BTXP

1. What happened?


First it needs to be identified what happened during the incident; what events occurred. This is the core of the tripod diagram and is represented with three shapes, the head ‘trio’. These three elements are:
  1. Event
  2. Hazard
  3. Object
The trio can be explained as an AND gate, both the Hazard and the Object need to be present for the Event to occur. The Hazard acts on the Object to change its state or condition that is described as the Event. In a tripod tree there can be multiple trios. Hazards and Objects can form new Events.

Event

In the tripod theory an Event is a happening, a ‘change of state’, whereby an object is affected by a Hazard. All events may cause potential injury, damage or loss. Examples of events are:
  • Cut in a finger
  • Car collision
  • A failed money investment

Hazard

A Hazard is an entity with the potential to change, harm or damage an object upon which it is acting. Hazards can be a physical energy source or can have a more abstract nature. Examples of a Hazard are:
  • Working on height
  • Explosive material
  • Economic crisis

Object

The Object is the item that is changed by the Hazard. The Object can be someone or something that is harmed, changed or damaged. Examples of Objects are:
  • Employee
  • IT system
  • Environment

2. How did it happen?


Barriers

The second step in the tripod analysis is to analyze how the incident could have happened by identifying the failed barriers. The barriers can be placed between the Hazard and the Event and between the Object and the Event. To identify these two types of barriers two questions are asked:
  • What Barriers should have prevented the exposure to the Hazard?
  • What Barriers should have protected the Object from the Hazard?
A Barrier is something that should prevented the meeting of an Object and a Hazard. It protects people, assets, environment from the negative consequences of a Hazard. Barriers can have their effect on the Hazard (e.g. insulation) or the Object (e.g. PPE). In a Tripod analysis a Barrier can be qualified as failed, missing or effective.

3. Why did it happen?


The last step is to identify why the incident happened; what caused the Barriers to fail. To analyze this we follow a certain pathway, called the ‘Causation Path’. The causation path consists of three items:
  1. Active Failure
  2. Precondition
  3. Latent Failure

Active Failure

The Active Failure explains the human act that directly caused the Barrier to break. The Tripod method is based on the Human Error theory. This theory states that incidents happen when people make errors and fail to keep the barriers functional or in place. These errors are Active Failures. Examples of Active Failure are:
  • Neglecting to wear PPE
  • Wrong design decision
  • Inappropriate use of tools

Precondition

The Precondition is the environmental, situational or psychological ‘state’ in which the Active Failure takes place. It explains the context of the human error and it provides the control breaching capacity of the Active Failure. This can be related to supervision, training, instructions, procedures, etc. Examples of Preconditions are:
  • Bad sight
  • Budget squeeze
  • Poor ergonomics of tools

Latent Failure

Latent Failures are the organizational or systemic deficiencies that create Preconditions. The Latent Failure acts on a system level, it always involves the organization. A Latent Failure is not incidental, but is present for a longer time; it is an underlying failure. Examples of Latent Failures are:
  • Inadequate training
  • Failure to identify hazards
  • Imbalanced budgets

Root cause analysis in IncidentXP

IncidentXP already allows users to choose between multiple barrier-based incident analysis techniques. However, we continued to get a lot of requests for one particular method: traditional Root Cause Analysis (RCA). This method is the fourth we're adding to IncidentXP and joins BSCAT, Tripod Beta and Barrier Failure Analysis.
Incident Diagram Root Cause Analysis

What is RCA?

Root Cause Analysis is a simple and straightforward incident analysis technique. It starts with an incident and drills down into the chain of events that led to that incident until the root causes are identified. This method is widely used throughout the world, and the idea of drilling down to the root cause is also present in all of our other incident analysis methods.

Solving RCA problems

However, a traditional root cause analysis has the potential to turn into a jumble of elements. We felt this could be improved, so we did two things. First, we added some more subtle categorisations so you can see at a glance where the real problem areas are. You don't need to use them, but if you do, we think you will create better analyses, and it will be easier for your audience to see what you're trying to communicate. Second, you can cut up a large diagram into smaller pieces, and link them together. Separating the main diagram from sub-diagrams avoids a situation where the diagram becomes so large you lose overview. We hope these changes to RCA will help you create better analyses.

Features

RCA will include all the features you expect like reports, case file overviews, import/export options, easy manipulation of the diagram, scrap book support, find and replace, spell checking, undo/redo, auto-save, and many others

Barriers vs RCA

The main difference between RCA and our other incident analysis methods, is that RCA is not barrier based. Everything in RCA is an event, including those things that would be considered barriers in BSCAT, Tripod or BFA. This doesn't matter if you just want to use RCA, but there is one important caveat. Whereas the barrier based incident analysis methods like BSCAT and Tripod can be mapped back onto the bowtie because their structure is similar, RCA cannot be linked back to a bowtie, because the bowtie structure depends heavily on identifying barriers, which RCA does not do. We will examine other possibilities in the future, like classifying events. But we will base that development on real world feedback.

Root Cause Analysis (RCA) using Ishikawa/Fishbone Diagrams



How to Determine Root Cause Using a Fishbone Diagram

The fishbone diagram is a tool you can use to determine the root cause of a problem or event. The fishbone diagram is also known as the Ishikawa diagram or cause and effect diagram and gets its name because its shape resembles a fishbone. The fishbone diagram was developed as a quality management tool for categorizing and brainstorming the possible causes of a problem in an organized manner.

 How to Draw a Fishbone Diagram Fishbone Analysis Step-by-Step

Instructions
1
In order to have an effective brainstorming session to consider all of the variables and possible causes, you will need to assemble a team of people from different functional groups, with varied specialties and experience.

Having a diverse group of people means gaining insight from different viewpoints and opinions. Approaching the problem from different angles could lead to answers that you may not have thought of on your own, and ultimately reveal the root cause of the issue.

2
Draw the basic structure of the fishbone diagram.

Write down the problem or effect that you are trying to understand (the head). Draw a main line from this problem with several branches to represent categories (the bones). From each of these category branches, draw horizontal lines to represent causes. You can also find ready-made templates online for easy use.

3
Determine which categories are most appropriate for your situation to be used as the branches of the fishbone diagram. Some commonly used categories are:

The 6 M's (in the manufacturing industry)
Machine, Method, Materials, Measurements, Man and Mother Nature

The 8 P's (in the services or administrative industries)
Price, Promotion, People, Processes, Place, Policies, Procedures, and Product

The 4 S's (in the service industry)
Surroundings, Suppliers, Systems, Skills

4
Once you have the categories labeled on the branches, start to fill in any possible causes on the horizontal lines coming from each branch. Fill in anything that could possibly have an influence on the issue. This is not the time to decide if an idea is good or not, just brainstorm to collect any possible causes.

5
Evaluate each of the causes on each branch of the fishbone diagram individually and in more depth to determine what variables affect it. You want to determine what the impact is of changing those variables and if the change could lead to the effect or problem you are investigating.

6
Do this for each cause, eliminating those that would not have any possible impact on the problem or lead to the identified effect.

7
Now you should be able to narrow the causes down to one or at most a few likely candidates. Focus your investigative efforts on those possibilities until the true root cause of the issue is determined.


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ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнная Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° (Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Исикава)


Π‘Π»ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡ‚ для графичСского изобраТСния взаимосвязи показатСля качСства ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ со всСми Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнная Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ являСтся графичСским ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ Π² сТатой Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ логичСской ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ распрСдСляСт ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹.
Основная Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ – Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ влияниС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° всСх уровнях тСхнологичСского процСсса. Π“Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ достоинством Π΅Π΅, являСтся Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ наглядноС прСдставлСниС Π½Π΅  Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнных связях этих Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² (Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ особСнно Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ).
Π­Ρ‚Ρƒ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π΅Π΅ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ часто Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ «Ρ€Ρ‹Π±ΡŒΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ «Ρ€Ρ‹Π±ΡŒΠΈΠΌ скСлСтом». Π‘Ρ…Π΅ΠΌΠ° прСдставляСт собой графичСскоС упорядочСниС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°.
ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ схСмы Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ слСдуСт Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ качСства ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· слСдствий, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ справа Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€Ρ‹Π±ΠΈΠΉ скСлСт, ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ стрСлками ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ (подводят большиС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ стрСлки, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°).
Π”Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ стрСлкС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ подвСсти стрСлки Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ порядка, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ, Π² свою ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ подводят стрСлки Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π³ΠΎ порядка ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄. Π΄ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ€, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ нанСсСны всС стрСлки, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ΅ влияниС Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ситуации. КаТдая ΠΈΠ· стрСлок, нанСсСнная Π½Π° схСму, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ собой  Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ Π΅Π΅ полоТСния Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ слСдствиС: прСдыдущая стрСлка ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ всСгда выступаСт ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ слСдствиС. Π’ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΡŽ Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ мСроприятия ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ… ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ.  ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏ построСния схСмы Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ Π½Π° рисункС.
Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Исикава. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏ построСния
ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ рассмотрСнии схСмы Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… стрСлок  Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ситуациях ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ самим Исикавой ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ «ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈ М» (ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎ). Оно состоит Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΌ случаС ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚  ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²:  ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» (material), ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (machine),  ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (measurement), ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ (method), люди (man), ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ (management). ВсС эти слова ΠΏΠΎ-английски Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ с Π±ΡƒΠΊΠ²Ρ‹ «Πœ», ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡƒΠ΄Π° ΠΈ пошло Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°. РазумССтся, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π“Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ - Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ схСмы, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, нСзависимо ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°, Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ всСгда Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ оси.
ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ построСнии Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ, рассматривая ΠΈΡ… Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ: ΠΎΡ‚ «ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ… костСй» ΠΊ «ΡΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ» ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ «ΡΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ…» ΠΊ «Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠΌ». Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ схСмы Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ состав ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ этих Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ². ПослС Π·Π°Π²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ построСния Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ шаг – распрСдСлСниС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ стСпСни ΠΈΡ… ваТности. НС ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ всС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ, Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ сильноС влияниС Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ качСства.
Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ составляСтся Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΌΠ°. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ схСмы Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°: ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΡƒ участнику Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹, нСзависимо ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ состава Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² схСмС ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅, ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ мнСнию, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ наибольшСС влияниС Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ситуации. ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ². Π’ число Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ стрСлки-Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ стрСлки-Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ порядка, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ присоСдинСно нСсколько стрСлок-Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π³ΠΎ порядка.
Π—Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ слСдуСт провСсти совмСстноС обсуТдСниС ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ участников Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π’ случаС расхоТдСния ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², проводится Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ опрСдСлСния значимости Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π² Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ качСства вновь, нСзависимо ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ…, устанавливаСт Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌ экзСмплярС схСмы Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹. Π’Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… стрСлках-Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ наибольшСС количСство ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ.
Для исслСдования ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ явлСния допустимо ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈΡ… Π»ΠΈΡ†, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… нСпосрСдствСнного ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅,  Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρƒ Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π»ΠΈΡ†Π°, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΉ обстановкС.
ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ составлСнии ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнной Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ послСднСй стрСлкой срСди ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ слСдуСт ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ «ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅», Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ всСгда ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡƒΡ‡Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹.
ΠžΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ приСмлСмая Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² достигаСтся послС Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°.
 Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ значимости Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ. ВычСрчиваСтся разработанная схСма. ВсС Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π½Π΅ зависимо Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π°, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ Ρƒ Π½ΠΈΡ… копиях этой схСмы Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ…, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ… мнСнию, Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°. Π—Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ схСмС ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΉ «ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ» Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ проставляя Π±Π°Π»Π»Ρ‹ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹. Π’ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅ послС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ всС Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ отмСтят свои Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹, Π½Π° схСмС выявится – ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ числу Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° стрСлках – Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ…, с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния всСх Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹, Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°. На рисункС 6.3 ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ опрСдСлСния Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· пяти Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ значимости Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… нСсоотвСтствиС стандарту разброса Π² Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ… издСлия. Из Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ слСдуСт, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ΠΌΠΈ (Π² соотвСтствии с числом Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° стрСлках-Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ: Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ  ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€Π° (5 Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²), ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (4 Π±Π°Π»Π»Π°) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ (3 Π±Π°Π»Π»Π°).
 ΠΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ нанСсти всю ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ: Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ издСлия, процСсса ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ процСссов, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° участников процСсса ΠΈ Ρ‚.Π΄. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ оформлСния Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ прСдставлСн  Π½Π° рисункС 6.3.
НСобходимо Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ качСства ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ свою Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ всС Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΊ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° окаТСтся большой ΠΈ слоТной, практичСски бСсполСзной, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ затрудняСт процСсс принятия Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
Π€ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° показатСля качСства Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π΅ Ссли ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ сформулирован Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ построСна Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°, основанная Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΡ… сообраТСниях. Вакая Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ даст Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ.
Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° постоянно ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² процСссС Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ с Π½Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ часто приходится ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ статистичСскими ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ всСго – ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ расслоСния. ПолСзно ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ ΠŸΠ°Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² сочСтании с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнной Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ.
Π‘Ρ…Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠ»ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ основой для составлСния ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π° взаимоувязанных мСроприятий, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… комплСксноС Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ поставлСнной ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ.

Π‘Ρ…Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ с ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ значимости Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… разброс Π² Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ…

ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ "Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹"

Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ названия ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°: "ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнная Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°" ("Ρ€Ρ‹Π±ΠΈΠΉ скСлСт")
Автор ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°: К. Исикава (Япония), 1952 Π³.

НазначСниС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ - инструмСнт, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ систСмный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ фактичСских ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ возникновСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ.

ЦСль ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°

Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡŽ поиска истинных ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ рассматриваСмой ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ для эффСктивного ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.

Π‘ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнная Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° - это ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ.
Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° позволяСт Π² простой ΠΈ доступной Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ всС ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ рассматриваСмых ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ самыС сущСствСнныС ΠΈ провСсти ΠΏΠΎΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ поиск ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹.

План дСйствий

Π’ соотвСтствии с извСстным ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΠŸΠ°Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ, срСди мноТСства ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ (ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎ ИсикавС), ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ (слСдствиС), лишь Π΄Π²Π΅-Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΡ… поиск ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½. Для этого осущСствляСтся:
  • сбор ΠΈ систСматизация всСх ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½, прямо ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ косвСнно Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ;
  • Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° этих ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎ смысловым ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнным Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌ;
  • Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ… Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°;
  • Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹.

ΠžΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнная Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ("Ρ€Ρ‹Π±ΠΈΠΉ скСлСт")
Гистограмма

ΠžΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° построСния

  1. ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹, всС участники Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΊ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ мнСнию ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹.
  2. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° записываСтся с ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΉ стороны Π² сСрСдинС чистого листа Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΡƒ, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ слСва ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ основная Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ стрСлка - "Ρ…Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Ρ‚" (Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° внСшнСго Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° часто Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ "Ρ€Ρ‹Π±ΡŒΠΈΠΌ скСлСтом").
  3. Наносятся Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ (ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ уровня 1), Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ, - "большиС кости". Они Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ стрСлками с "Ρ…Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ".
  4. Π”Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ наносятся Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ (ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ уровня 2), ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ("большиС кости"), Π° Ρ‚Π΅, Π² свою ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ слСдствиСм Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½. Π’Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ "срСдних костСй", ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊ "большим". ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ уровня 3, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ уровня 2, Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ "ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ… костСй", ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊ "срСдним", ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄. (Если Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ всС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹, Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° стрСлка оставляСтся пустой).
  5. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ всС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ каТутся Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒ схСмы - ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ эффСктивный способ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹.
  6. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ (Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹) ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΆΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ… значимости, выдСляя особо Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ наибольшСС влияниС Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ качСства.
  7. Π’ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ вносится вся нСобходимая информация: Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅; Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ издСлия; ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° участников; Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄.
Π”ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ информация:
  • ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅ΡΡ выявлСния, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ объяснСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½, являСтся ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌ Π² структурировании ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ дСйствиям.
  • Задавая ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ вопрос "ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΌΡƒ?", ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ (ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ с выявлСниСм Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ элСмСнта ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-стоимостном Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅).
  • Бпособ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ "ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΌΡƒ?" состоит Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ это Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ процСсса постСпСнного раскрытия всСй Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ связанных ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ собой ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… влияниС Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ качСства.

Достоинства ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°

Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π˜ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²Ρ‹ позволяСт:
  • ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ творчСскоС ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅;
  • ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ взаимосвязь ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ.

НСдостатки ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°

  • НС рассматриваСтся логичСская ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠ° Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½, Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Ρ‚. Π΅. ΠΎΡ‚ΡΡƒΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ.
  • БлоТная ΠΈ Π½Π΅ всСгда Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎ структурированная Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ позволяСт Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹.

ΠžΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚

ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ для принятия ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.

5 Whys - Root Cause Analysis




Monday, 4 August 2014










I've finished this course today! Great experience!


https://www.open2study.com/courses/leadership-identity-influence-power





Thursday, 31 July 2014

Emergency Management











Hi! I've studied for this course Emergency Managment at Open2Study (Australia). I advice everyone enroll to this course, you'll get great knowledges of Emergency Managment.



Friday, 18 July 2014












ΠžΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡˆΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ‹ Π² 2009 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ. Π“Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹.
Ending school in 2009 year. Awards